The Stereotyping Problem in Collaboratively Filtered Recommender Systems

Recommender systems -- and especially matrix factorization-based collaborative filtering algorithms -- play a crucial role in mediating our access to online information. We show that such algorithms induce a particular kind of stereotyping: if preferences for a \textit{set} of items are anti-correlated in the general user population, then those items may not be recommended together to a user, regardless of that user's preferences and ratings history. First, we introduce a notion of \textit{joint accessibility}, which measures the extent to which a set of items can jointly be accessed by users. We then study joint accessibility under the standard factorization-based collaborative filtering framework, and provide theoretical necessary and sufficient conditions when joint accessibility is violated. Moreover, we show that these conditions can easily be violated when the users are represented by a single feature vector. To improve joint accessibility, we further propose an alternative modelling fix, which is designed to capture the diverse multiple interests of each user using a multi-vector representation. We conduct extensive experiments on real and simulated datasets, demonstrating the stereotyping problem with standard single-vector matrix factorization models.