Citizen-generated counter speech is a promising way to fight hate speech and promote peaceful, non-polarized discourse. However, there is a lack of large-scale longitudinal studies of its effectiveness for reducing hate speech. To this end, we perform an exploratory analysis of the effectiveness of counter speech using several different macro- and micro-level measures to analyze 180,000 political conversations that took place on German Twitter over four years. We report on the dynamic interactions of hate and counter speech over time and provide insights into whether, as in `classic' bullying situations, organized efforts are more effective than independent individuals in steering online discourse. Taken together, our results build a multifaceted picture of the dynamics of hate and counter speech online. While we make no causal claims due to the complexity of discourse dynamics, our findings suggest that organized hate speech is associated with changes in public discourse and that counter speech -- especially when organized -- may help curb hateful rhetoric in online discourse.
翻译：公民产生的反言是一种充满希望的方式,可以打击仇恨言论,促进和平、非极化的言论。然而,缺乏关于反言有效性的大规模纵向研究,以减少仇恨言论。为此,我们利用若干不同的宏观和微观层面措施,对反言的有效性进行探索性分析,分析四年来在德国Twitter上发生的180,000次政治对话。我们报告仇恨和反言的动态互动,并深入了解在“古典”欺凌情况下,有组织的努力是否比独立个人更有效地指导在线话语。加在一起,我们的成果形成了关于仇恨和反言动态的多方面图景。虽然我们没有因讨论动态的复杂性而提出因果关系的说法,但我们的调查结果表明,有组织的仇恨言论与公共话语的变化相关联,而反言 -- -- 特别是在有组织的情况下 -- -- 可能有助于遏制在线话中的仇恨言辞。
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