中国古代木构桥梁的发展与演变研究

项目名称： 中国古代木构桥梁的发展与演变研究

项目编号： No.51478259

项目类型： 面上项目

立项/批准年度： 2015

项目学科： 建筑科学

项目作者： 刘杰

作者单位： 上海交通大学

项目金额： 78万元

中文摘要： 中国木构桥梁是古代木构建筑的一个重要组成部分，其技术与营造在初期几乎同出一辙。随着建造技术和桥梁需求的提升，桥梁营造逐渐独立于房屋之外，但于廊桥而言，桥廊或称桥屋的建造仍然是房屋建造技术的遗存。申请人在过去近二十年来对闽浙遗存的数百座木桥研究发现，古代木桥营造技术的发展经历了单跨简支梁桥、多跨简支梁桥、伸臂梁桥、撑架桥、木拱桥等几个阶段。是否在地域更广的范围也存在着类似规律？在甘藏滇等地，随着西方文明在清中后期进入带来的新式桥梁技术，木桥技术因此又呈现出二元发展的格局。宋元明间，许多地区的木桥逐渐易之以石，但结构的逻辑依然遵循木构，而石拱在桥梁上的运用至迟在晋代，石构桥梁技术的发展在中国严重缺乏逻辑性。本项研究试图在全国范围内搜寻木桥的普遍发展规律及演变机制，从桥梁视角来探寻木构建筑发展演变的特征与规律，并探寻出石桥结构技术与之的关联。本项研究的成功将填补中国古代木构建筑技术中的桥梁空白。

中文关键词： 中国；木结构；桥梁；演变；发展

英文摘要： Traditional timber bridge is a very important part of Chinese traditional timber-framed architecture while the techniques and construction process between them are almost identical. as the construction technology developed and the demand for bridges increased, the construction of bridge-building came to be more independent from architecture. With regard to the Lang Qiao, however, building the corridor or rooms on the bridge has been inherited as a construction technique. Having spent the last 20 years on surveying the remaining hundreds of traditional bridges in Zhe Jiang and adjacent provinces, I found out that traditional bridge construction went through the following stages, simple supported girder bridge ,multiple span supported girder bridge, overhanging beam supported bridge, Woven timber arch-beam bridge and woven timber arch bridge. This discovery naturally raised another question - does this evolution process along with its different stages apply to the bridges in other regions? In Gan Su, XI Zang and Dian areas, the more westernized bridge-building techniques were adopted under the influence of western civilization which has been brought in since late Ming and Qing dynasties. Thus the construction techniques in timber bridges in the Western area of China went two directions of developments. After Song and Yuan dynasties, the timber-made bridges were being replaced by stone-made bridges gradually although the logic of its construction remained the same. While the stone-arch bridges appeared in China no late than Jin Dynasty, and the development lacked obvious logic. This project aims at exploring the law of development and evolution of timber-frame bridges national-wide as well as the connection with the stone-arch bridges. This paper will fill the blank of bridge in the Chinese ancient timber building technology.

英文关键词： China;timber-structure;bridges;evolution;development