Satellite-based Communication (SATCOM) systems are gaining renewed momentum in Industry and Academia, thanks to innovative services introduced by leading tech companies and the promising impact they can deliver towards the global connectivity objective tackled by early 6G initiatives. On the one hand, the emergence of new manufacturing processes and radio technologies promises to reduce service costs while guaranteeing outstanding communication latency, available bandwidth, flexibility, and coverage range. On the other hand, cybersecurity techniques and solutions applied in SATCOM links should be updated to reflect the enormous advancements in attacker capabilities characterizing the last two decades. However, business urgency and opportunities are leading operators towards challenging system trade-offs, leading to an increased attack surface and a general relaxation of the available security services. This paper tackles the cited problem and presents a comprehensive survey on the security threats, solutions, and challenges faced when deploying and operating SATCOM systems. Specifically, we classify the literature on security for SATCOM systems into two main branches, i.e., physical-layer security and cryptography schemes. Then, we further identify specific research domains for each of the identified branches, focusing on dedicated security issues, including, e.g., physical-layer confidentiality, anti-jamming schemes, anti-spoofing strategies, and quantum-based key distribution schemes. For each of the above domains, we highlight the most essential techniques, peculiarities, advantages, disadvantages, lessons learned, and future directions. Finally, we also identify emerging research topics whose additional investigation by Academia and Industry could further attract researchers and investors, ultimately unleashing the potential behind ubiquitous satellite communications.
翻译:一方面,新的制造流程和无线电技术的出现有望降低服务成本,同时保证显著的通信延迟性、可用带宽、灵活性和覆盖范围;另一方面,应用卫星通信连接的网络安全技术和解决方案应当更新,以反映过去二十年中攻击者能力特点的巨大进步;然而,商业紧迫性和机会正在引导运营商挑战系统交易,导致袭击面增加,现有安保服务普遍放松;一方面,新的制造流程和无线电技术的出现有望降低服务成本,同时保证显著的通信延迟性、可用带宽、灵活性和覆盖范围;另一方面,应用卫星通信连接的网络安全技术和解决方案应当更新,以反映过去二十年中攻击者能力的巨大进步;然而,我们进一步确定每个已查明的分支的具体研究领域,重点是专门的安保问题,包括,电子、实物调查领域最终的保密性、关键领域、我们所了解的每个关键领域,以及我们所了解的不断增长的准确性战略,以及我们所查明的准确性、准确性、准确性、准确性、准确性战略的每个领域。