Policy makers have implemented multiple non-pharmaceutical strategies to mitigate the COVID-19 worldwide crisis. Interventions had the aim of reducing close proximity interactions, which drive the spread of the disease. A deeper knowledge of human physical interactions has revealed necessary, especially in all settings involving children, whose education and gathering activities should be preserved. Despite their relevance, almost no data are available on close proximity contacts among children in schools or other educational settings during the pandemic. Contact data are usually gathered via Bluetooth, which nonetheless offers a low temporal and spatial resolution. Recently, ultra-wideband (UWB) radios emerged as a more accurate alternative that nonetheless exhibits a significantly higher energy consumption, limiting in-field studies. In this paper, we leverage a novel approach, embodied by the Janus system that combines these radios by exploiting their complementary benefits. The very accurate proximity data gathered in-field by Janus, once augmented with several metadata, unlocks unprecedented levels of information, enabling the development of novel multi-level risk analyses. By means of this technology, we have collected real contact data of children and educators in three summer camps during summer 2020 in the province of Trento, Italy. The wide variety of performed daily activities induced multiple individual behaviors, allowing a rich investigation of social environments from the contagion risk perspective. We consider risk based on duration and proximity of contacts and classify interactions according to different risk levels. We can then evaluate the summer camps' organization, observe the effect of partition in small groups, or social bubbles, and identify the organized activities that mitigate the riskier behaviors. [...]
翻译:决策者实施了多种非药物性战略,以缓解COVID-19世界性危机,干预的目的是减少近距离接触,这促使疾病蔓延。更深入的人类身体互动知识显示有必要,特别是在所有涉及儿童的环境下,应当保护儿童的教育和收集活动。尽管这些数据具有相关性,但几乎没有关于学校或其他教育环境中儿童在大流行病期间的近距离接触的数据。接触数据通常通过蓝牙收集,但这提供了低时空和空间分辨率的解决方案。最近,超广频(UWB)电台作为一种更准确的替代方案出现,尽管能源消耗明显增加,限制了实地研究。在本文中,我们运用了一种新颖的方法,将儿童的身体互动结合起来,利用这些儿童的教育和收集活动的补充利益。Janus收集的非常准确的近距离数据,一旦通过若干元数据加以补充,便打开前所未有的信息水平,从而得以发展新的多层次风险分析。通过这种技术,我们在2020年夏季的三个夏令营收集了儿童和教育工作者的实际接触数据,但展示了能源消耗量大幅提高,限制了实地行为。在意大利特雷托省,从组织层面,从组织层面,从组织层面,从组织层面,从组织上,从组织接触,从组织,从组织上,从组织,从组织,从组织上,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从不同接触,从组织,从不同角度,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从风险的角度,从组织,从组织,从组织,从不同角度,从组织,从组织,从组织,到评估,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,到评估,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,到评估,从组织,从组织,到评估,从组织,从组织,到评估,从组织,从组织,到评估,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,到评估,从组织,到评估,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从,到评估,到评估,到评估,到评估,到评估,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,从组织,到评估,从风险,从,从,从,从不同,从