关注凝视：通过基于观看距离调整注视目标提升凝视输入的可用性 (Mind the Gaze: Improving the Usability of Dwell Input by Adapting Gaze Targets Based on Viewing Distance)

Dwell input shows promise for handheld mobile contexts, but its performance is impacted by target size and viewing distance. While fixed target sizes suffice in static setups, in mobile settings, frequent posture changes alter viewing distances, which in turn distort perceived size and hinder dwell performance. We address this through GAUI, a Gaze-based Adaptive User Interface that dynamically resizes targets to maximise performance at the given viewing distance. In a two-phased study (N=24), GAUI leveraged the strengths of its distance-responsive design, outperforming the large UI static baseline in task time, and being less error-prone than the small UI static baseline. It was rated the most preferred interface overall. Participants reflected on using GAUI in six different postures. We discuss how their experience is impacted by posture, and propose guidelines for designing context-aware adaptive UIs for dwell interfaces on handheld mobile devices that maximise performance.

翻译：凝视输入在手持移动场景中展现出潜力，但其性能受目标尺寸和观看距离的影响。在静态设置中，固定目标尺寸已足够，但在移动环境中，频繁的姿态变化会改变观看距离，进而扭曲感知尺寸并阻碍凝视性能。我们通过GAUI（基于凝视的自适应用户界面）解决这一问题，该界面动态调整目标尺寸以在给定观看距离下最大化性能。在一项两阶段研究（N=24）中，GAUI利用其距离响应设计的优势，在任务时间上优于大型UI静态基线，且比小型UI静态基线更不易出错。总体而言，它被评为最受偏好的界面。参与者反思了在六种不同姿态下使用GAUI的体验。我们讨论了姿态如何影响其体验，并提出了为手持移动设备上的凝视界面设计上下文感知自适应UI以最大化性能的指导原则。