In the past decade, blockchain has shown a promising vision greatly to build the trust without any powerful third party in a secure, decentralized and salable manner. However, due to the wide application and future development from cryptocurrency to Internet of Things, blockchain is an extremely complex system enabling integration with mathematics, finance, computer science, communication and network engineering, etc. As a result, it is a challenge for engineer, expert and researcher to fully understand the blockchain process in a systematic view from top to down. First, this article introduces how blockchain works, the research activity and challenge, and illustrates the roadmap involving the classic methodology with typical blockchain use cases and topics. Second, in blockchain system, how to adopt stochastic process, game theory, optimization, machine learning and cryptography to study blockchain running process and design blockchain protocol/algorithm are discussed in details. Moreover, the advantage and limitation using these methods are also summarized as the guide of future work to further considered. Finally, some remaining problems from technical, commercial and political views are discussed as the open issues. The main findings of this article will provide an overview in a methodology perspective to study theoretical model for blockchain fundamentals understanding, design network service for blockchain-based mechanisms and algorithms, as well as apply blockchain for Internet of Things, etc.
翻译：过去十年来,障碍链展示了一个大有希望的愿景,即以安全、分散和可分配的方式,在没有强大的第三方的情况下,以安全、分散和可分配的方式建立信任;然而,由于从加密货币到物联网的广泛应用和未来发展,障碍链是一个极其复杂的系统,能够与数学、金融、计算机科学、通信和网络工程等结合起来。因此,对工程师、专家和研究人员来说,从上到下系统地全面理解障碍链进程是一个挑战。首先,这一条介绍了块链工作、研究活动和挑战的方式,并说明了涉及典型链链使用案例和专题的经典方法的路线图。第二,在块链系统中,如何采用随机过程、游戏理论、优化、机器学习和密码学,以研究块链运行过程和设计链链/语言。此外,这些方法的优点和局限性也被总结为今后工作的指南。最后,技术、商业和政治观点方面的一些剩余问题作为开放问题被讨论。在块链系统中,这一条的主要结论将提供一个概览,将链式系统设计、链式系统设计系统模型作为基本方法的系统模型,用于研究。
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