为了展现我国软物质与生物物理领域具有代表性的研究成果,"Chinese Physics B"(CPB)主编欧阳钟灿院士邀请帅建伟、李明、吴晨旭、刘向阳四位老师作为客座编辑,组织了“Soft matter and biological physics”专题,敬请关注!
编者按
客座编辑
帅建伟、李明、吴晨旭、刘向阳
软物质(Soft Matter)泛指处于固体和理想流体之间的复杂凝聚态物质,其基本特点是结构单元之间的相互作用比较弱,能量大约为室温热能量级,因而易受温度影响,熵效应显著。处于这种中间状态的常见物质体系包括胶体、液晶、高分子及超分子、泡沫、乳液、凝胶、颗粒物质、玻璃、生物体系等。软物质不仅广泛存在于自然界,而且由于其丰富、奇特的物理学性质,在人类的生活和生产活动中也得到了广泛应用,例如塑料、橡胶、颜料、墨水、牙膏、清洁剂、护肤品、食品添加剂、液晶显示等。
“软物质”一词由1991年诺贝尔物理学奖得主德热纳在其获奖演说中正式提出,至今不到30年。但人类对软物质的应用其实已有上千年的历史,例如3000年多前中国人已经懂得如何配制墨汁,2500年前印第安人已经学会使用天然橡胶。软物质的早期科学研究可追溯到19世纪初,1827年植物学家布朗在花粉溶液中观察到了“布朗运动”,开始了软物质胶体颗粒的运动研究。另一种重要的软物质是介于液体和晶体之间的奇特物质形态液晶,它于1888年由奥地利植物学家莱尼茨发现,后来德国物理学家雷曼于1904年正式命名为液晶。1920年德国科学家斯陶丁格提出“高分子”概念,成为软物质的另一个重要分支。
除上述非生命软物质体系之外,生命系统则是结构和性质最为复杂的一大类软物质系统。对于宏观尺度的复杂软结构如血液、组织、器官,一般采用连续介质力学模型进行简化描述,更偏向生物力学和生物材料学范畴。软物质生物物理则更关注生命系统的微观结构及其功能,这其中最为复杂的当属生物大分子,如DNA和蛋白质等,及其形成的各种有序结构的细胞器和生命基本单元细胞。我国理论工作者欧阳钟灿与合作者等在细胞膜的液晶理论研究上做出了一系列有广泛影响的工作,特别是第一次以解析解的方式证明了液晶态是红血球细胞膜具有独特双凹形状的物理根源。
由于软物质体系的重要性及复杂性,吸引了来自物理、化学、力学、生物学、材料科学、计算科学、数学乃至医学等不同学科领域的大批研究者,已经发展成为一个高度交叉的庞大的研究方向。随着新材料不断被制备合成,与生物、纳米、信息、电子、医学等不同学科的交叉日益深化,软物质研究分支也在不断扩展中,如颗粒物质体系和智能软材料等。可以说,软物质物理的研究方兴未艾,对更多体系开展针对性的研究、并从中提炼更深刻的共性原理,仍将是未来软物质物理研究的主要内容。对于软物质物理的研究,不仅构成物理学基础研究的重大挑战,也将对材料、能源、环境、医药健康等人类面对的重大问题产生深远的影响。因此,国际上,软物质领域的研究近年来频繁获得各种国际大奖与名誉讲席,例如, 多尺度计算模拟技术(2013诺贝尔化学奖); 超高分辨率显微技术(2014年诺贝尔化学奖); 冷冻电镜技术(2017年诺贝尔化学奖); DNA纳米编织技术(2010年 Kavli Prize); 生物软物质力学(2007年美国国家工程院最高奖之一拉斯奖); 液晶显示原理及技术(2012年美国国家工程院最高奖之一德雷珀奖); 分子动力学模拟方法(2016年玻尔兹曼奖); 软凝聚态物理(2004,2006,2018年巴克利凝聚态物理奖);牛顿、霍金、狄拉克都曾担任过的卢卡斯席位教授2015年起授予软物质物理专家迈克尔.盖茨(Michael Cates)。
我国软物质物理的研究可追溯到上世纪八十年代,中国科学院理论物理所、厦门大学、生物物理所、上海生化所、药物所、中国科技大学、北京师范大学等单位率先开展了生物软物质方面的研究。如建立在理论物理所的卡弗里理论物理所自2007年1月至2016年12月的10年间,成功运行的58个项目中有多个涉及软物质物理及生物物理,对推动我国软物质物理与生物物理的研究起到很好的促进作用,如2009年,参加卡弗里理论物理所单分子生物物理项目的美国斯坦福大学莫尔纳(William E. Moerner)2014年荣获诺贝尔化学奖,而参加生物膜项目后被欧阳钟灿推荐成功的我国首批外专“千人” 日本东京大学土井正男(Masao Doi)教授,在北航建立了软物质科学与应用中心,他在2013年牛津大学出版社出版的名著《Soft Matter Physics》前言中特别感谢建立在理论物理所的卡弗里理论物理所,并在2015年从北航成功获选美国工程院外籍院士。
有鉴于软物质生物物理在我国近些年的高速发展,经过国内外多位学者及编辑部的共同努力,《中国物理B》推出了“软物质生物物理”专栏,邀请了国内外在该领域活跃在第一线的科学家撰写了29篇文章,包括综述11篇,论文18篇,在《中国物理B》 2017年第12期和2018年第1期、第2期分三期正式出版。这些文章报道和评述了软物质生物物理研究的现状和最新进展,涵盖了如下各方面的研究内容:DNA、蛋白质、离子通道、细胞、纳米颗粒、一维受限流体、纳米气泡、薄膜、乳状液、以及一些实验方法,如微量测定法、荧光衰减测量、核磁共振波谱法等。
这个重要专题,不仅对软物质物理研究中一些重要前沿问题的发展进行了总结,也对未来发展提出了展望,希望对软物质生物物理及相关学科方向的科研学者有所帮助,同时促进该领域和相关交叉学科的发展。
REVIEWS
1. Molecular dynamic simulation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of nucleotide base pair
Yu-Jie Wang(王宇杰), Zhen Wang(王珍), Yan-Li Wang(王晏莉), Wen-Bing Zhang(张文炳)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128705
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2. Modulation and control of DNA charge inversion
Yan-Wei Wang(王艳伟), Guang-Can Yang(杨光参)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128706
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3. Control water molecules across carbon-based nanochannels
Xianwen Meng(孟现文), Jiping Huang(黄吉平)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (1): 013101
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4. A review of recent theoretical and computational studies on pinned surface nanobubbles
Yawei Liu(刘亚伟), Xianren Zhang(张现仁)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (1): 014401
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5. Mutation-induced spatial differences in neuraminidase structure and sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors
Zhi-wei Yang(杨志伟), Dong-xiao Hao(郝东晓), Yi-zhuo Che(车一卓), Jia-hui Yang(杨嘉辉), Lei Zhang(张磊), Sheng-li Zhang(张胜利)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (1): 018704
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6. Dominant phase-advanced driving analysis of self-sustained oscillations in biological networks
Zhi-gang Zheng(郑志刚), Yu Qian(钱郁)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (1): 018901
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7. Theoretical studies and molecular dynamics simulations on ion transport properties in nanochannels and nanopores
Ke Xiao(肖克), Dian-Jie Li(李典杰), Chen-Xu Wu(吴晨旭)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 024702
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8. Application of microdosimetry on biological physics for ionizing radiation
Dandan Chen(陈丹丹), Liang Sun(孙亮)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 028701
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9. Lipoprotein in cholesterol transport: Highlights and recent insights into its structural basis and functional mechanism
Shu-Yu Chen(陈淑玉), Na Li(李娜), Tao-Li Jin(金桃丽), Lu Gou(缑璐), Dong-Xiao Hao(郝东晓), Zhi-Qi Tian(田芷淇), Sheng-Li Zhang(张胜利), Lei Zhang(张磊)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 028702
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10. Bio-macromolecular dynamic structures and functions, illustrated with DNA, antibody, and lipoprotein
Lu Gou(缑璐), Taoli Jin(金桃丽), Shuyu Chen(陈淑玉), Na Li(李娜), Dongxiao Hao(郝东晓), Shengli Zhang(张胜利), Lei Zhang(张磊)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 028708
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11. Surface-tension-confined droplet microfluidics
Xinlian Chen(陈新莲), Han Wu(伍罕), Jinbo Wu(巫金波)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 029202
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ARTICLES
1. Anisotropic formation mechanism and nanomechanics for the self-assembly process of cross-β peptides
Li Deng(邓礼), Yurong Zhao(赵玉荣), Peng Zhou(周鹏), Hai Xu(徐海), Yanting Wang(王延颋)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128701
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2. Computational study of non-catalytic T-loop pocket on CDK proteins for drug development
Huiwen Wang(王慧雯), Kaili Wang(王凯丽), Zeyu Guan(管泽雨), Yiren Jian(简弋人), Ya Jia(贾亚), Fatah Kashanchi, Chen Zeng(曾辰), Yunjie Zhao(赵蕴杰)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128702
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3. Biexponential distribution of open times of a toy channel model
Xiang Li(李翔), Jing-Jing Zhong(钟金金), Xue-Juan Gao(高学娟), Yu-Ning Wu(吴宇宁), Jian-Wei Shuai(帅建伟), Hong Qi(祁宏)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128703
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4. Enhanced effect of dimension of receptor-ligand complex and depletion effect on receptor-mediated endocytosis of nanoparticles
Ye Liu(刘野), Qingqing Gao(高庆庆), Yijun Liu(刘益军), Chuang Zhao(赵闯), Zongliang Mao(毛宗良), Lin Hu(胡林), Yanhui Liu(刘艳辉)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128704
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5. Derivation of persistent time for anisotropic migration of cells
Yan-Ping Liu(刘艳平), Xiao-Cui Zhang(张晓翠), Yu-Ling Wu(吴宇宁), Wen Liu(刘雯), Xiang Li(李翔), Ru-Chuan Liu(刘如川), Li-Yu Liu(刘雳宇), Jian-Wei Shuai(帅建伟)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128707
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6. Protein-membrane interactions investigated with surface-induced fluorescence attenuation
Li Ma(马丽), Ying Li(李颖), Ming Li(李明), Shuxin Hu(胡书新)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128708
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7. The birhythmicity increases the diversity of p53 oscillation induced by DNA damage
Dao-Guang Wang(王道光), Chun-Hong Zhou(周春红), Xiao-Peng Zhang(张小鹏)
Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26 (12): 128709
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8. To what extent of ion neutralization can multivalent ion distributions around RNA-like macroions be described by Poisson-Boltzmann theory?
Gui Xiong(熊贵), Kun Xi(席昆), Xi Zhang(张曦), Zhi-Jie Tan(谭志杰)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (1): 018203
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9. A network of conformational transitions in an unfolding process of HP-35 revealed by high-temperature MD simulation and a Markov state model
Dandan Shao(邵丹丹), Kaifu Gao(高恺夫)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (1): 018701
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10. Improved data analysis method of single-molecule experiments based on probability optimization
Weili Zhai(翟伟利), Guohua Yuan(袁国华), Chao Liu(刘超), Hu Chen(陈虎)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (1): 018703
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11. Optimizing the atom types of proteins through iterative knowledge-based potentials
Xin-Xiang Wang(汪心享), Sheng-You Huang(黄胜友)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 020503
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12. Thin film dynamics in coating problems using Onsager principle
Yana Di(邸亚娜), Xianmin Xu(许现民), Jiajia Zhou(周嘉嘉), Masao Doi
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 024501
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13. Monitoring the formation of oil-water emulsions with a fast spatially resolved NMR spectroscopy method
Meng-Ting You(游梦婷), Zhi-Liang Wei(韦芝良), Jian Yang(杨健), Xiao-Hong Cui(崔晓红), Zhong Chen(陈 忠)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 028201
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14. Protection-against-water-attack determined difference between strengths of backbone hydrogen bonds in kinesin's neck zipper region
Jing-Yu Qin(覃静宇), Yi-Zhao Geng(耿轶钊), Gang Lü(吕刚), Qing Ji(纪青), Hai-Ping Fang(方海平)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 028704
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15. Diffusional inhomogeneity in cell cultures
Jia-Zheng Zhang(张佳政), Na Li(李娜), Wei Chen(陈唯)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 028705
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16. Noise decomposition algorithm and propagation mechanism in feed-forward gene transcriptional regulatory loop
Rong Gui(桂容), Zhi-Hong Li(李治泓), Li-Jun Hu(胡丽君), Guang-Hui Cheng(程光晖), Quan Liu(刘泉), Juan Xiong(熊娟), Ya Jia(贾亚), Ming Yi(易鸣)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 028706
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17. Capillary filling in closed-end nanotubes
Chen Zhao(赵晨), Jiajia Zhou(周嘉嘉), Masao Doi
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 024701
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18. Computational mechanistic investigation of radiation damage of adenine induced by hydroxyl radicals
Rongri Tan(谈荣日), Huixuan Liu(刘慧宣), Damao Xun(寻大毛), Wenjun Zong(宗文军)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (2): 027102
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1.送别郝柏林先生
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